Keywords
security
conflict
geopolitics
Middle East
How to Cite
-
Abstract2059
-
PDF (Español)1065
-
HTML (Español)143
Abstract
In the last two decades, the security situation and political stability in the Middle East has significantly worsened, in contrast with its strategic importance as the global economy’s energy engine. This article offers a general interpretative perspective to help explain this contradictory evolution from the analysis of a set of exogenous and endogenous factors that have exerted a fundamental, although not limiting, effect on the regional order since the end of the last century, and to elucidate the causes of the Middle East’s apparent geopolitical chaos at the dawn of this century.References
Abushouk, Ahmed Ibrahim. 2016. “The Arab Spring: A Fourth Wave of Democratization?”. Digest of Middle East Studies 25, núm. 1: 52-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12080
ACNUR (Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados). 2019. Global Report 2019. Ginebra: ACNUR. https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/gr2019/pdf/GR2019_English_Full_lowres.pdf#_ga=2.8624693.1895802351.1598753516- 396319858.1598753516
Allison, Roy. 2013. “Russia and Syria: Explaining Alignment with a Regime in Crisis”. International Affairs 89, núm. 4: 795-823. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12046
Bahgat, Gawdat. 2019. “Iran’s Ballistic-Missile and Space Program: An Assessment”. Middle East Policy 26, núm. 1: 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12398
Banco Mundial. 2019. Gasto militar (% del PIB). https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?view=chart
Battaloglu, Cihat y Fadi Farasin. 2017. “From Democratization to Securitization: Post-Arab Spring Political Order in the Middle East”. Digest of Middle East Studies 26, núm. 2: 299-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12116
Bodansky, Yossef. 2001. Bin Laden: el hombre que declaró la guerra a Estados Unidos. México: Aguilar.
BP World Energy. 2019. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf
EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). 2017. World Oil Transit Chokepoints. https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/special_topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf
Freeman Jr., Chas W. 2014. “The Collapse of Order in the Middle East”. Middle East Policy 21, núm. 4: 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12095
Fuente, Ignacio. 2018. “El terrorismo yihadista en Oriente Medio: Al Qaeda frente al Dáesh”. En Oriente Medio tras el Califato, 195-228. Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa. https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/c/e/ce_196.pdf
Global Firepower. 2020. 2020 Military Strength Ranking. https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp
Gordon, Philip H., Michael Doran y Jon B. Alterman. 2019. “The Trump Administration’s Middle East Policy: A Mid-Term Assessment”. Middle East Policy 26, núm. 1: 5-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12397
Haddad, Fanar. 2017. “‘Sectarianism’ and Its Discontents in the Study of the Middle East”. The Middle East Journal 71, núm. 3: 363-382. https://doi.org/10.3751/71.3.12
Haddad, Fanar. 2020. Understanding ‘Sectarianism’. Sunni-Shi’a Relations in the Modern Arab World. Nueva York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510629.001.0001
Humud, Carla E. y Christopher M. Blanchard. 2020. “Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response”. Congressional Research Service Report RL33487 (27 de julio de 2020). https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33487
Humud, Carla E., Jim Zanotti y Clayton Thomas. 2019. “Turkish Incursion into Syria: U.S. Policy Implications”. Congressional Research Service Insight IN11179 (11 de octubre de 2019). https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN11179
Jett, Dennis. 2011. “U.S. Security Assistance in the Middle East: Helping Friends or Creating Enemies?”. Middle East Policy 18, núm. 1: 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2011.00474.x
Kepel, Gilles. 2004. Fitna, guerra en el corazón del islam. Traducido por José Miguel González Marcén. Barcelona: Paidós.
Lounnas, Djallil. 2019. “The Tunisian Jihad: Between al-Qaeda and isis”. Middle East Policy 26, núm. 1: 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12403
Makdisi, Ussama Samir. 2000. The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mesa Delmonte, Luis. 2017. “Israel y el conflicto en Siria: de la ‘ambigüedad estratégica’ a los ataques militares puntuales”. En Siria en el torbellino: insurrecciones, guerras y geopolítica, coordinado por Gilberto Conde, 275-313. México: El Colegio de México. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1z27h7q.13
Oztig, Lacin Idil. 2019. “Syria and Turkey: Border-Security Priorities”. Middle East Policy 26, núm. 1: 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12404
Rørbæk, Lasse Lykke. 2019. “Religion, Political Power, and the ‘Sectarian Surge’: Middle Eastern Identity Politics in Comparative Perspective”. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 19, núm. 1: 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12292
SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute). 2018. SIPRI Yearbook 2018. Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-06/yb_18_summary_en_0.pdf
SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute). 2019. SIPRI Yearbook 2019. Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.dmrsc.com/Document/SIPRIyearbook2019Summary.pdf
The Soufan Center. 2019. Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent: The Nucleus of Jihad in South Asia. https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Al-Qaeda-in-the-Indian-Subcontinent-AQIS.pdf
United States Department of State. 2018. Country Reports on Terrorism 2017. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/crt_2017.pdf
Valbjørn, Morten. 2019. “What’s so Sectarian about Sectarian Politics? Identity Politics and Authoritarianism in a New Middle East”. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 19, núm. 1: 127-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12289
Wallin, Mathew. 2018. U.S. Military Bases and Facilities in the Middle East. Washington: American Security Project. https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Ref-0213-US-Military-Bases-and-Facilities-Middle-East.pdf
WITS (World Integrated Trade Solution). 2018. Resumen del comercio Irán, Rep. Islámica del 2017. https://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/es/IRN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
Copyright 2022 Estudios de Asia y África