Legitimidad y apropiación local: variables clave del fracaso de la construcción del Estado en Afganistán (2001-2021)
PDF
HTML
EPUB
Kindle
MP3

Palabras clave

Afganistán
construcción del Estado
legitimidad
apropiación local
fracaso

Cómo citar

Baltar Rodríguez, Enrique. 2023. «Legitimidad Y apropiación Local: Variables Clave Del Fracaso De La construcción Del Estado En Afganistán (2001-2021)». Estudios De Asia Y África 59 (1):89-108. https://doi.org/10.24201/eaa.v59i1.2884.
Metrics
Vistas/Descargas
  • Resumen
    293
  • PDF
    412
  • HTML
    50
  • EPUB
    6
  • Kindle
    18
  • MP3
    1

Métrica

Resumen

El derrumbe del Estado afgano en agosto de 2021 corroboró que el state-building impulsado por la intervención internacional fracasó en el propósito de generar la legitimidad y apropiación local necesaria para su consolidación y sostenibilidad porque, al quedar la estrategia de state-building subordinada a los intereses de la lucha antiterrorista, las consideraciones de seguridad prevalecieron sobre los objetivos de reconstrucción nacional, crecimiento económico y buena gobernanza. Así, de hecho, la intervención militar y la ayuda financiera internacional contribuyeron a promover un tipo de Estado rentista y patrimonialista, que consagró los intereses de las viejas élites surgidas de la guerra civil y marginó del poder, de los beneficios de la paz y de los bienes públicos a la mayoría de la población y las regiones del país que el nuevo Estado debía proveer.

https://doi.org/10.24201/eaa.v59i1.2884
PDF
HTML
EPUB
Kindle
MP3

Citas

Azami, Ahmad Shah. 2021. “Warlords, the United States, and the State of Anarchy in Afghanistan”. Central European Journal of Politics 7 (1): 46-75. https://doi.org/10.24132/cejop_2021_1

Baltar Rodríguez, Enrique. 2018. “Estados Unidos y Pakistán en la guerra contra el terrorismo: disimetría y conflicto de intereses geopolíticos”. Estudios de Asia y África 53 (3): 501-536. https://doi.org/10.24201/eaa.v53i3.2329

Basit, Abdul. 2021. “Why Did the Afghan Army Disintegrate so Quickly?”. Al-Jazzera, 17 de agosto de 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/17/why-did-the-afghan-army-disintegrate-so-quickly

Belloni, Roberto. 2012. “Hybrid Peace Governance: Its Emergence and Significance”. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 18 (1): 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01801004

Biden, Joe. 2021. Declaraciones del presidente Biden sobre Afganistán. La Casa Blanca, 16 de agosto de 2021. https://www.whitehouse.gov/es/prensa/discursos-presidenciales/2021/08/16/declaraciones-del-presidente-biden-sobre-afganistan/

Blinken, Anthony J. 2021. Carta a Ashraf Ghani, presidente de la República Islámica de Afganistán.The Secretary of State. Washington. https://tolonews.com/pdf/02.pdf

Boege, Volker et al. 2008. “On Hybrid Political Orders and Emerging States: State Formation in the Context of ‘Fragility’”. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management. https://berghof-foundation.org/library/on-hybrid-political-orders-and-emerging-states-state-formation-in-the-context-of-fragility

Brown, Frances Z. 2021. “Aiding Afghan Local Governance: What Went Wrong?”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 8 de noviembre de 2021. https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/11/08/aiding-afghan-local-governance-what-went-wrong-pub-85719

Brown, M. Anne. 2017. “Hybridity and Dialogue: Approaches to the Hybrid Turn”. Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal 2 (4): 446-463. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802014.2017.1353893

Chandler, David. 2006. Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building. Londres: Pluto Press.

Chandler, David. 2009. Statebuilding and Intervention: Policies, Practices and Paradigms. Londres: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203884409

Chappuis, Fairlie y Heiner Hänggi. 2009. “The Interplay Between Security and Legitimacy: Security Sector Reform and State-Building”. En Facets and Practices of State-Building, editado por Julia Raue y Patrick Sutter, 31-56, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004174030.i-344.16

Committee on International Relations. 2003. United States Policy in Afghanistan: Current Issues in Reconstruction: Hearings before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, June 19 and October 16, Serial No. 108-62. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa87793.000/hfa87793_0f.htm

Donais, Timothy. 2009. “Empowerment or Imposition? Dilemmas of Local Ownership in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Processes”. Peace & Change. A Journal of Peace Research 34 (1): 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.2009.00531.x

Fukuyama, Francis. 2004. State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Ghani, Ashraf y Clare Lockhart. 2008. Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.

Ghani, Ashraf, Clare Lockhart y Michael Carnahan. 2006. “An Agenda for State-Building in the Twenty-First Century”. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 30 (1): 101-123. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/18619

Gopal, Anand. 2014. No Good Men among the Living. America, the Taliban and the War through Afghan Eyes. Nueva York: Picador.

Hameiri, Shakar y Lee Jones. 2017. “Beyond Hibridity to the Politic of Scale: International Intervention and ‘Local’ Politics”. Development and Change 48 (1): 54-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12287

Heathershaw, John. 2013. “Towards Better Theories of Peacebuilding: Beyond the Liberal Peace Debate”. Peacebuilding 1 (2): 275-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2013.783260

Heupel, Monika. 2009. “State-Building and the Transformation of Warfare”. En Facets and Practices of State-Building, editado por Julia Raue y Patrick Sutter, 59-74. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004174030.i-344.23

Hirblinger, Andreas y Claudia Simons. 2015. “The Good, the Bad, and the Powerful: Representations of the ‘Local’ in Peacebuilding”. Security Dialogue 46 (5): 422-439. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0967010615580055

Hunt, Charles T. 2018. “Hybridity Revisited: Relational Approaches to Peacebuilding in Complex Sociopolitical Orders”. En Hybridity on the Ground in Peacebuilding and Development. Critical Conversations, editado por Joanne Wallis, Lia Kent, Miranda Forsyth, Sinclair Dinnen y Srinjoy Bose, 51-66. Acton: anu Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/hgpd.03.2018.03

Ibrahimi, Yaqub S. 2019. “Afghanistan’s Political Development Dilemma: The Centralist State Versus a Centrifugal Society”. Journal of South Asian Development 14 (1): 40-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174119839843

Kaplan, Seth D. 2008. Fixing Fragile States: A New Paradigm for Development. Westport: Praeger Security International.

Khalilzad, Zalmay. 2016. The Envoy from Kabul to the White House, My Journey Through a Turbulent World. Nueva York: St. Martin’s Press.

Khan, Azmat. 2021. “Hidden Pentagon Records Reveal Patterns of Failure in Deadly Airstrikes”. The New York Times, 18 de diciembre de 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/12/18/us/airstrikes-pentagon-records-civilian-deaths.html

Kinzer, Stephen. 2006. Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawai to Irak. Nueva York: Times Books.

Krasner, Stephen D. y Carlos Pascual. 2005. “Addressing State Failure”. Foreign Affairs 84 (4): 153-163. https://doi.org/10.2307/20034427

Mac Ginty, Roger. 2010. “Hybrid Peace: The Interaction between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Peace”. Security Dialogue 41 (4): 391-412. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0967010610374312

Mac Ginty, Roger y Oliver Richmond. 2016. “The Fallacy of Constructing Hybrid Political Orders: A Reappraisal of the Hybrid Turn in Peacebuilding”. International Peacekeeping 23 (2): 219-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2015.1099440

Mearsheimer, John. J. 2005. “Hans Morgenthau and the Iraq War: Realism Versus Neo-Conservatism”. Open Democracy, 18 de mayo de 2005. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/morgenthau_2522jsp/

Meierhenrich, Jens. 2004. “Seven Forming States After Failure”. En When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, editado por Robert I. Rotberg, 153-169, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Millar, Gearold. 2014. “Disaggregating Hybridity: Why Hybrid Institutions Do Not Produce Predictable Experiences of Peace”. Journal of Peace Research 51 (4): 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343313519465

Munir, Muhammad. 2011. “The Layha for the Mujahideen: An Analysis of the Code of Conduct for the Taliban Fighters under Islamic Law”. International Review of the Red Cross 93 (881): 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383111000075

OCDE (Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos). 2011. “Critical Elements Underpinning Statebuilding”. En Supporting Statebuilding in Situations of Conflict and Fragility: Policy Guidance, 29-39. París: oecd Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264074989-7-en

Paris, Roland. 2004. At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790836

Peceny, Mark y Yuri Bosin. 2011. “Winning with Warlords in Afghanistan”. Small Wars & Insurgencies 22 (4): 603-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2011.599166

Rashid, Ahmed. 2009. Descenso al caos. EE. UU. y el fracaso de la construcción nacional en Pakistán, Afganistán y Asia Central. Traducido por Josep Sarret Grau. Barcelona: Ediciones Península.

Richmond, Oliver P. y Audra Mitchell. 2012. “Introduction: Towards a Post-Liberal Peace: Exploring Hybridity Via Everyday Forms of Resistance, Agency and Autonomy”. En Hybrid Forms of Peace: From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism, 1-38. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Rubin, Barnett R. 2020. Afghanistan: What Everyone Needs to Know. Nueva York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190496630.001.0001

Schetter, Conrad, Rainer Glassner y Masood Karokhail. 2007. “Beyond Warlordism. The Local Security Architecture in Afghanistan”. Internationale Politik und Gesell-schaft 2: 136-152. http://afghandata.org:8080/xmlui/handle/azu/15315

sigar (Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction). 2015. Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, 30 de enero de 2015. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2015-01-30qr.pdf

sigar (Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction). 2016. Corruption in Conflict: Lessons from the U.S. Experience in Afghanistan. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/lessonslearned/sigar-16-58-ll.pdf

sigar (Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction). 2021. What We Need to Learn: Lesson from Twenty Years of Afghanistan Reconstruction. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/lessonslearned/SIGAR-21-46-LL.pdf

Statista. 2018. “U.S. War Costs in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2003 to 2015”. Demographics. https://www.statista.com/statistics/271526/us-war-costs-in-iraq-and-afghanistan/

Sundstøl Eriksen, Stein. n.d. “Statebuilding, Ownership and Legitimacy: The Dilemmas and Contradictions of External State Building”. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. https://www.oecd.org/dac/evaluation/dcdndep/47109849.pdf

The Asia Foundation. 2019. A Survey of the Afghan People. Afghanistan in 2019: Infographics. The Asia Foundation. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2019_Afghan_Survey_Full-Report.pdf

UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2022. Afghanistan Opium Survey 2021. Cultivation and Production. United Nations. https://www.unodc.org/documents/crop-monitoring/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Opium_Survey_2021.pdf

Whitlock, Craig. 2021. The Afghanistan Papers: A Secret History of the War. Nueva York: Simon & Schuster.

Wilcock, Cathy A. 2021. “From Hybridity to Networked Relationality: Actors, Ideologies and the Legacies of Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement”. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 15 (2): 221-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2020.1822619

World Bank Group. 2020. Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/32436

World Bank Group. 2021. Afghanistan Development Update, April 2021: Setting Course to Recovery. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3536

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.

Derechos de autor 2022 Estudios de Asia y África