Keywords
soybean
GM events
herbicides
patents
How to Cite
-
Abstract775
-
PDF (Español)462
-
HTML (Español)115
Abstract
The People’s Republic of China has been increasing its trade in goods and products with South America. In particular, the Mercosur countries have become one of its main suppliers of agro-commodities, mainly soybean. This crop is associated with the growing consumption of Chinese agro-inputs subject to intellectual property rights. The article analyses the China-Mercosur relationship based on the data available on soybean exports and agro-chemical imports, and drawing on information about herbicides and genetrically modified (GM) soy plants authorized to be produced in Mercosur countries. One of the study’s key findings is that a close connection exists between the authorization of these plants and the increasing number of Chinese herbicide patents, and most importantly, that these patents precede the generation of new GM crops.References
Bekerman, Marta, Federico Dulcich y Nicolás Moncaut. 2014. “La emergencia de China y su impacto en las relaciones comerciales entre Argentina y Brasil”. Problemas del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economía 45, núm. 176: 55-82. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-7036(14)70850-8
Benbrook, Charles M. 2016. “Trends in Glyphosate Herbicide Use in the United States and Globally”. Environmental Sciences Europe 28, núm. 3: 1-15. https/doi.org/10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0
Cai, Jinyang, Ruifa Hu, Jikun Huang y Xiaobing Wang. 2017. “Innovations in Genetically Modified Agricultural Technologies in China’s Public Sector: Successes and Challenges”. China Agricultural Economic Review 9, núm. 2: 317-330. http://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-10-2016-0170
Christodoulou, Demetris, Baruch Lev y Le Ma. 2018. “The Productivity of Chinese Patents: The Role of Business Area and Ownership Type”. International Journal of Production Economics 199: 107-124. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.12.024
Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança. 2018. “Tabela de plantas aprobadas para comercialição”. Ministério Da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (Brasil). Última actualización: 4 mayo de 2018. https://cutt.ly/rhMwLl9
Cooney, Paul. 2016. “Reprimarization: Implications for the Environment and Development in Latin America: The Cases of Argentina and Brazil”. Review of Radical Political Economics 48, núm. 4: 553-561. https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613416655639
DIEA (Dirección de Estadísticas Agropecuarias)-MGAP (Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca) (Uruguay). 2013. Anuario Estadístico Agropecuario 2013. Uruguay: MGAP. https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/publicaciones/anuario-estadistico-diea-2013
DIEA (Dirección de Estadísticas Agropecuarias)-MGAP (Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca) (Uruguay). 2014. Anuario Estadístico Agropecuario 2014. Uruguay: MGAP. https://www. gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/publicaciones/anuario-estadistico-diea-2014
DIEA (Dirección de Estadísticas Agropecuarias)-MGAP (Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca) (Uruguay). 2015. Anuario Estadístico Agropecuario 2015. Uruguay: MGAP. https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/ publicaciones/anuario-estadistico-diea-2015
DIEA (Dirección de Estadísticas Agropecuarias)-MGAP (Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca) (Uruguay). 2016. Anuario Estadístico Agropecuario 2016. Uruguay: MGAP. https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/publicaciones/anuario-estadistico-diea-2016
DIEA (Dirección de Estadísticas Agropecuarias)-MGAP (Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca) (Uruguay). 2017. Anuario Estadístico Agropecuario 2017. 20a ed. Uruguay: MGAP. https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/publicaciones/anuario-estadistico-diea-2017
Fisch, Christian, Philipp Sandner y Lukas Regner. 2017. “The Value of Chinese Patents: An Empirical Investigation of Citation Lags”. China Economic Review 45: 22-34. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.05.011
Gale, Fred, James Hansen y Michael Jewison. 2015. China’s Growing Demand for Agricultural Imports (EIB 136). Washington: United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/43939/eib-136.pdf?v=6273.5
GNBio (Gabinete Nacional de Bioseguridad). 2018. “OGM autorizados en Uruguay 2018”. Datos y estadísticas. Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (Uruguay). https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/datos-y-estadisticas/datos?field_tematica_target_id=920&year=all&month=all&field_publico_target_id=All
Hairong, Yan, Chen Yiyuan y Ku Hok Bun. 2016. “China’s Soybean Crisis: The Logic of Modernization and Its Discontents”. Journal of Peasant Studies 43, núm. 2: 373-395. http://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2015.1132205
Instituto Uruguay XXI. 2015. Informe Anual de Comercio Exterior 2015. Montevideo: Uruguay XXI. http://news.epp.com.uy/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Informe-Anual-Comercio-Exterior-uruguay.pdf
Instituto Uruguay XXI. 2016. Informe Anual de Comercio Exterior 2016. Montevideo: Uruguay XXI. http://cdn.dl.uy/file/508.pdf
Instituto Uruguay XXI. 2017. Informe Anual de Comercio Exterior 2017. Montevideo: Uruguay XXI. http://www.ccea.org.uy/docs/BTD%202018/BTD%202018%20N%201/Informe%20Anual%20de%20Comercio%20Exterior%20-%202017.pdf
Instituto Uruguay XXI. 2018. Informe Anual de Comercio Exterior 2018. Montevideo: Uruguay XXI. https://www.uruguayxxi.gub.uy/es/centro-informacion/articulo/informe-de-comercio-exterior-de-uruguay-2018/
ISAAA (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications). n.d. “GM Crop Events approved in United States”. www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/approvedeventsin/
Liu, Li-Jun, Cong Cao y Min Song. 2014. “China’s Agricultural Patents: How Has Their Value Changed amid Recent Patent Boom?”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 88: 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2014.06.018
MAGP (Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, Argentina). n.d. “OGM Comerciales”. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/agricultura/alimentos-y-bioeconomia/ogm-comerciales
MGAP (Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Uruguay). 2020. “Importaciones de productos fitosanitarios”. Última actualización: 9 de junio de 2020. https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/datos-y-estadisticas/datos/importaciones-productos-fitosanitarios
OCDE/FAO. 2017. OCDE-FAO Perspectivas Agrícolas 2017-2026. París: OCDE. https://doi.org/10.1787/agr_outlook-2017-4-es
Pray, Carl, Jikun Huang, Ruifa Hu, Haiyan Deng, Jun Yang y Xenia K. Morin. 2018. “Prospects for Cultivation of Genetically Engineered Food Crops in China”. Global Food Security 16: 133-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.01.003
Qi, Wenhua, Hongran Li, Quanfa Zhang y Kerong Zhang. 2019. “Forest Restoration Efforts Drive Changes in Land-use/landcover and Water-related Ecosystem Services in China’s Han River Basin”. Ecological Engineering 126: 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.11.001
Samaniego, Pablo, María Cristina Vallejo y Joan Martínez-Alier. 2017. “Commercial and Biophysical Deficits in South America, 1990-2013”. Ecological Economics 133: 62-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.11.012
Singh, Karuna Nidhan y Kavita Merchant. 2017. “The Agrochemical Industry”. En Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, editado por James A. Kent, Tilak V. Bommaraju y Scott D. Barnicki, 709-756. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_11
Streltsova, Ekaterina y Jonathan D. Linton. 2018. “Biotechnology Patenting in the BRICS Countries: Strategies and Dynamics”. Trends in Biotechnology 36, núm. 7: 642-645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.11.008
Terradas-Cobas, Liliana, Carlos Céspedes-Payret y Estanislao Luis Calabuig. 2016. “Expansion of GM Crops, Antagonisms between Mercosur and the EU. The Role of R&D and Intellectual Property Rights’ Policy”. Environmental Development 19: 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2016.06.003
USDA FAS (United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service). 2019. China-Peoples Republic of. Agricultural Biotechnology Annual. Regulatory Process Getting More Unpredictable, Additional Requirements on Trials and Data for Approvals (GAIN Report CH 18085). https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Agricultural%20Biotechnology%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_2-22-2019.pdf
Walsh, Benjamin. 2018. The State of China’s Agricultural Research (Strategic Analysis Paper). Dalkeith: Future Directions International. https://www.futuredirections.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/SAP-FW-The-State-of-Chinas-Agricultural-Research.pdf
WITS (World Integrated Trade Solution). 2018. Estados Unidos Estadísticas de comercio: Exportaciones, importaciones, los productos, los aranceles, el PIB y el desarrollo de indicadores relacionados. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/es
Xue, Erwin. 2017. “China’s Pesticide Export Analysis Latin American Market Up in 2016, with Some Highlights”. AgroPages.com. http://news.agropages.com/News/NewsDetail---23231.htm
Zhang, Daowei. 2019. “China’s Forest Expansion in the Last Three Plus Decades: Why and How?”. Forest Policy and Economics 98: 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.07.006
Zhang, Yan-Jun, Ming Xie, Gang Wu, De-Liang Peng y Wen-Bin Yu. 2015. “A 3-year Field Investigation of Impacts of Monsanto’s Transgenic Bt-Cotton NC 33B on Rhizosphere Microbial Communities in Northern China”. Applied Soil Ecology 89: 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.01.003
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
Copyright 2022 Estudios de Asia y África