Keywords
dependency
armed conflict
China
Islamism
Sudan
How to Cite
-
Abstract1122
-
PDF (Español)712
-
XML (Español)441
Abstract
This article analyzes the growth of the Sudanese economy from 1989 to 2011, as a result of four concurrent processes: neoliberalism in Africa and the Arab world, Islamism, extractivism, and changes in the global geopolitical framework strongly influenced by China’s growing role. Two phases have been identified in this process: in the first phase, the foundations were laid for the exploitation and distribution of crude oil and large investments are made in infrastructure. In the second, Sudan consolidated its role as an oil-producing country, entailing major transformations in its productive structure and in the State’s role. The authors also examine the impact of oil, the shifting global geopolitical context, particularly in regard to China in the evolution of the armed conflict scenario.References
Al Turabi, H. A. (1983). The Islamic State. En J. L. Esposito (Ed.), Voices of resurgent Islam (pp. 241-251). Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Banco Mundial. (2015). Banco de datos mundial. Indicadores del desarrollo mundial. Recuperado de https://databank.bancomundial.org/data/source/world-development-indicators
Bayat, A. (2006). Islamism and social movement theory. Third World Quarterly, 26(6), 891-908. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590500089240
Berhanu, D. G. (2011). Institutions and investment in Sudan. Socio-economic and institutional foundations of reconstruction and development. Münster: lit.
Beswick, S. (2004). Sudan’s blood memory. The legacy of war, ethnicity, and slavery in South Sudan. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Bhaskar, R. (2011). Reclaiming reality. A critical introduction to contemporary philosophy. Londres: Routledge.
Bosshart, P. (14 de mayo de 2007). China’s role in financing African infrastructure. Berkeley, CA: International Rivers Network. Re¬cuperado de https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/chinaeximbankafrica.pdf
Brenner, N., Peck, J. y Theodore, N. (2010). Variegated neoliberalization: Geographies, modalities, pathways. Global Networks, 10(2), 182-222. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2009. 00277.x
Burr, J. M. y Collins, R. O. (2003). Revolutionary Sudan. Hasan al- Turabi and the Islamist State, 1989-2000. Leiden: Brill.
Daly, M. W. (2007). Darfur’s sorrow. A history of destruction and geno-cide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Waal, A. (1997). Famine crimes. Politics and the disaster relief industry in Africa. Londres: African Rights and the International African Institute.
El-Affendi, A. (1991). Turabi’s revolution. Islam and power in Sudan. Londres: Grey Seal Books.
Elnur, I. (2009). Contested Sudan. The political economy of war and reconstruction. Londres: Routledge.
Furtado, C. (1989). La fantasía organizada. Bogotá: Tercer Mundo.
Galchu, J. (2018). The Beijing consensus versus the Washington consensus: The dilemma of Chinese engagement in Africa. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 12(1), 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJPSIR2016.0920
Gual, M. A. y Norgaard, R. B. (2010). Bridging ecological and social systems coevolution: A review and proposal. Ecological Economics, 69(4), 707-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008. 07.020
Gudynas, E. (2009). Diez tesis urgentes sobre el nuevo extractivismo. Contextos y demandas bajo el progresismo sudamericano actual. En J. Schuldt et al., Extractivismo, política y sociedad (pp. 187-225). Quito: El Centro Andino de Acción Popular-Centro Latinoamericano de Ecología Social. Recuperado de http://extractivismo. com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GudynasExtractivismoSo-ciedadDesarrollo09.pdf
Harvey, D. (2004). El nuevo imperialismo. Madrid: Akal.
Harvey, D. (2007). Breve historia del neoliberalismo. Madrid: Akal.
Human Rights Watch (2003). Sudan, oil, and human rights. Nueva York, NY: Human Rights Watch. Recuperado de https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/sudan1103/sudanprint.pdf
Human Security Baseline Assessment (hsba). (2014). The Military Industry Corporation (mic), Ginebra: Small Arms Survey. http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/sudan/HSBA-MIC-Open-Source-Review-2014.pdf
Jok, M. J. (2001). War and slavery in Sudan. Filadelfia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Jok, M. J. y Hutchinson, S. E. (1999). Sudan’s prolonged second ci-vil war and the militarization of Nuer and Dinka ethnic iden¬tities. African Studies Review, 42(2), 125-145. https://dx.doi. org/10.2307/525368
Keen, D. (2008). The benefits of famine: A political economy of famine and relief in southwestern Sudan 1983-1989. Oxford: James Currey.
Kobryn, J. (2004). Oil and politics: Talisman energy and Sudan. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 36(2), 425-455. Recuperado de https://faculty.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/nyujilp.pdf
Large, D. (2007). China and the changing context of development in Sudan. Development, 50(3), 57-62. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100405
Large, D. (2008). China and the contradictions of ‘non-interference’ in Sudan. Review of African Political Economy, 35(115), 93-106. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240802011568
Larner, W. (2003). Neoliberalism? Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 21(5), 509-512. https://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d2105ed
Lawson, T. (1997). Economics and reality. Londres: Routledge.
Lawson, T. (2003). Reorienting economics. Londres: Routledge.
Le Billon, P. (2001). The political ecology of war: Natural resources and armed conflicts. Political Geography, 20(5), 561-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(01)00015-4
Middle East Economic Survey. (2003). First oil from cnpc’s block 6 to lift Sudan production in 2004. Sudan Tribune. Recuperado de http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?iframe&page= imprimable&id_article=1012
Mohan, G. y Power, M. (2009). Africa, China and the ‘new’ economic geography of development. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 30(1), 24-28. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 9493.2008.00352.x
Musa, E. A. (2001). Sudan Structural Adjustment Programme (ssap): Some implications for labour in the formal sector. Cahiers africains d’administration publique, (56), 67-76. Recuperado de http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/pblic/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN017581.pdf
Nelson, R. (2006). Evolutionary social science and universal Darwinism. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 16(5), 491-510. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00191-006-0025-5
Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (oecd). (2012). Sudan. En African Economic Outlook 2012: Promoting Youth Employment. París: oecd Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/aeo-2012-55-en
Parello-Plesner, J. y Duchâtel, M. (2014). China in deep in the oil-rich Sudans. Adelphi Series, 54(451), 125-144. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19445571.2014.1047147
Patey, L. A. (2007). State rules: Oil companies and armed conflict in Sudan. Third World Quarterly, 28(5), 997-1016. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590701371728
Peck, J. y Tickell, A. (2002). Neoliberalizing space. Antipode, 34(3), 380-404. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00247
Prebisch, R. (1981). Capitalismo periférico: crisis y transformación. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Prunier, G. (2005). Darfur. The ambiguous genocide. Londres: Hurst and Company Publishers.
Ramo, J. C. (2004). The Beijing consensus. Londres: Foreign Policy Centre.
Reeves, E. (2002). Oil development in Sudan. Review of African Political Economy, 29(91), 167-169. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240208704600
Rone, J. (2003). Sudan: Oil & war. Review of African Political Economy, 30(97), 504-510, 478.
Sayer, A. (1995). Radical political economy: A critique. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sharfi, M. H. (2015). Sudan’s radical foreign policy agenda in the 1990s: An overview of implications. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 8(4), 523-534. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2015.107 7611
Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics (scbs). (2012). Sudan Foreign Trade Statistics Summary 2000-2010. Jartum: Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics.
Svampa, M. (2011). Extractivismo neodesarrollista y movimientos sociales: ¿un giro ecoterritorial hacia nuevas alternativas? En Más allá del desarrollo (pp. 185-216). México: Fundación Rosa Luxembourg.
Taylor, I. (2006). China’s oil diplomacy in Africa. International Affairs, 82(5), 937-959. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00579.x
U.S. Energy Information Admistration (eia). (2007). Country Analysis Briefs. Sudan and South Sudan. Recuperado de http://www.ecosonline.org/others/2007/EIA%20Country%20Report. pdf
U.S. Energy Information Admistration (eia). (2013). Country Analysis Briefs. Sudan and South Sudan. Recuperado de https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Sudan_and_South_Sudan/sudan.pdf
Warburg, G. (2003). Islam, sectarianism and politics in Sudan since the Mahdiyya. Londres: Hurst & Co.
Williamson, J. (1993). Democracy and the “Washington consensus”. World Development, 21(8), 1329-1336. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(93)90046-C
Woodward, P. (1994). Sudan: A new political character? En C. Gurdon (Ed.), The horn of Africa (pp. 76-89). Nueva York, NY: St. Martin Press.
World Bank. (junio de 2003). Sudan. Stabilization and reconstruction. Country economic memorandum. Vol. 1: Main text (Report No. 24620-SU). Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Recu¬perado de http://documents.vsemirnyjbank.org/curated/ru/440091468777571140/pdf/multi0page.pdf
World Bank. (diciembre de 2009). Sudan. The road toward sustaina¬ble and broad-based growth. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Recuperado de http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/337451468130798599/pdf/547180ESW0P07610public0dist ribution.pdf
World Bank. (diciembre de 2012). Sudan Economic Brief: Recent Economic Developments. 2nd Semester 2012. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Recuperado de http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/809251468102891015/pdf/754930BRI0Suda00Box374332B00PUBLIC0.pdf
World Food Programme (wfp). (2004). Sudan Annual Needs Assessment 2003/2004. Food security report: Regional outlines & recommendations. Jartum: World Food Programme.
World Food Programme. (wfp)-Food and Agriculture Organization (fao). (2011). Government of Sudan and fao/wfp crop and food security assessment mission to the 15 Northern States of Sudan. Recuperado de https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/86D7B8B52E7C39B9C125783100358BE8-Full_Report.pdf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
Copyright 2022 Estudios de Asia y África