Palabras clave
música pop
lenguas siníticas
resistencia lingüística
mandarín
Cómo citar
-
Resumen50
-
PDF12
Resumen
En este artículo, tras introducir la situación de las lenguas siníticas de Singapur y la campaña de mandarinización llevada a cabo por el Estado, me centraré en un producto cultural típicamente singapurense, las xinyao, canciones en mandarín escritas e interpretadas en su mayoría por jóvenes estudiantes entre finales de la década de 1970 y principios de la de 1990 y consideradas una importante expresión de la sinofonía local. Mediante el análisis de algunas de las letras, demostraré como, a pesar de ser consecuencia de la política de promoción del mandarín, también representan un sitio de resistencia a la homogeneización lingüística y a la invisibilización de lenguas como el cantonés y el hokkien, tradicionalmente habladas por la población sinosingapurense.
Referencias
Abshire, Jean E. 2011. The History of Singapore. Santa Barbara: Greenwood.
Bokhorst-Heng, Wendy. 1999. “Singapore’s Speak Mandarin Campaign: Language Ideological Debates in the Imagining of the Nation”. En Language Ideological Debates, editado por Jan Blommaert, 235-266. Berlín: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110808049.235
Bokhorst-Heng, Wendy y Rita Elaine Silver. 2017. “Reconsidering Language Shift within Singapore’s Chinese Community: A Bourdieusian Analysis”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, núm. 248, 73-95. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2017-0037
Boon Chan. 2013. “Swallow a Patriotic Song”. The Strait Times, 7 de agosto de 2013. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/issue/straitstimes20130807-1
Boon Chan. 2014. “Xinyao Uniquely Singapore”. The Straits Times, 1 de agosto de 2014. https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/xinyao-uniquely-singapore
Chor Poh Chin. 2014. “Liang Wern Fook”. Singapore Infopedia, 6 de marzo de 2014. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=c02fa01f-aad2-4889-981f-b9462e4eeec8
Chu, Stephen Yiu-wai. 2007. “Before and after the Fall: Mapping Hong Kong Cantopop in the Global Era”. lewi Working Paper Series, 63. Hong Kong: David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies.
Chu Yiu-wai. 2017. Hong Kong Cantopop: A Concise History. Hong Kong: hku Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1rfzz86
Department of Statistics. 1973. Report on the Census of Population 1970 Singapore - Volumes I & II. Singapur: Ministry of Finance. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/government_records/record-details/7e2bebc7-b836-11e7-81c8-0050568939ad
Department of Statistics. 2001. Census of Population 2000: Advance Data Release. Singapur: Ministry of Trade & Industry. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/cop2000/cop2000adr
Department of Statistics. 2021. Census of Population 2020. Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion. Singapur: Ministry of Trade & Industry. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/cop2020/cop2020-sr1/census20_stat_release1
Dairianathan, Eugene y Chia Wei Khua. 2010. “Shuo Chang (说唱): Giving Voice to and through Xinyao (新谣), a Musical Practice in Singapore”. The e-Journal. Multi-Disciplinary Research in the Arts 2 (1). https://hdl.handle.net/10497/4242
Goh Chok Tong. 1991. “English Version of Speech in Mandarin by the Prime Minister, Mr. Goh Chok Tong, at the Launching Ceremony of the 1991 Speak Mandarin Campaign, at Singapore Conference Hall Auditorium on Monday, 30 September 1991 at 8.00 pm”. Singapur: Ministry of Information and the Arts. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/speeches/record-details/7429c892-115d-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad
Goh Chok Tong. 1993. “English Version of Prime Minister’s Mandarin Speech at the Launching of the Speak Mandarin Campaign on Monday, 6 September 1993, at 8:00 pm at Singapore Conference Hall”. Singapur: Ministry of Information and the Arts. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/speeches/record-details/fdb2e041-a1fc-11e9-9972-001a4a5ba61b
Goh Yeng-Seng. 2017. Teaching Chinese as an International Language: A Singapore Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hsiau A-Chin. 2021. Politics and Cultural Nativism in 1970s Taiwan Youth, Narrative, Nationalism. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Hu Yuhuan 胡玉欢. 2012. “Zouguo Shiyue Lishi de Fengdeng: ‘Nanda Shishi’ yu Xinhua wenyi” 走过诗乐历史的风灯— ‘南大诗社’与新华文艺 [La linterna que atraviesa la historia de la música poética: la ‘Sociedad Poética de Nantah’ y las artes sinófonas en Singapur]. En Xin Ma Huawen Wenxue Yanjiu Xin Guancha 新马华文文学新观察 [Nuevas miradas a las literaturas sinófonas de Malasia y Singapur], editado por Luo Futeng 罗福腾, 1-24. Singapur: World Scientific.
Jain, Ritu. 2021a. “Multilingual Singapore: Language Policies, Challenges, and Responses”. En Multilingual Singapore: Language Policies and Linguistic Realities, editado por Ritu Jain, 1-11. Londres: Routledge.
Jain, Ritu. 2021b. “The Other Mother Tongues of Singaporean Indians”. En Multilin-
gual Singapore: Language Policies and Linguistic Realities, editado por Ritu Jain, 65-84. Londres: Routledge.
Koh, Jaime. 2015. “Xinyao”. Singapore Infopedia, 16 de febrero de 2015. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=4c2453b4-f43d-4af3-a06e-f62b09324a44
Kong, Kam Yoke. 2010. “Liang Wern Fook (梁文福): The Singing Academic”. MusicSG, 20 de agosto de 2010. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=0f13a675-35dd-405a-88db-8406641d5dfd
Kong, Lily. 1996. “Popular Music and a Sense of Place in Singapore”. Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 9 (2): 51-77. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/2270
Kong, Lily. 1997. “Popular Music in a Transnational World: The Construction of Local Identities in Singapore”. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 38 (1): 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8373.00026
Lan Yu 蓝郁. 2013. “Yi Shou Ge de Shengmingli: Tan ‘Maque xian zhuzhi’ zhi jiejin” 一首歌的生命力 ： 谈《麻雀衔竹枝》之解禁 [La vitalidad de una canción: acerca del levantamiento de la prohibición a ‘El gorrión con una ramita de bambú’]. Singapore Chinese Literature 80: 202-204.
Lee, Joshua. 2017. “Nanyang University (Nantah) Is Not ntu Because of All This Drama It Went Through”. Mothership, 19 de septiembre de 2017. https://mothership.sg/2017/09/nanyang-university-nantah-is-not-ntu-because-of-all-this-drama-it-went-through/
Lee Kuan Yew. 1979. “Address by the Prime Minister Mr. Lee Kuan Yew at the Opening Ceremony of the ‘Promote the Use of Mandarin’ Campaign on 7 Sep 79 at
Singapore Conference Hall”. Singapur: Ministry of Culture. https://www.languagecouncils.sg/mandarin/en/-/media/smc/documents/goh-pm-lee-kwan-yew_smc-launch-speech_070979.pdf
Li Guoliang 李国樑. 2012. “Yu Xinyao Xiehou: Chang Guo de Tong Yi Shou Ge” 与新谣邂逅：唱过的同一首歌 [Encuentro con las xinyao: nuestra canción común]. Cong yemu dao liming 从夜暮到黎 (blog). https://navalants.blogspot.com/2012/09/xinyao.html
Li Li, Chee Lay Tan y Hock Huan Goh. 2016. “Home Language Shift and Its Implications for Chinese Language Teaching in Singapore”. Cogent Education 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2016.1161958
Liang Wern Fook 梁文福. 1986. “Ah Ben Ah Ben” 阿 Ben 阿 Ben. En Men: Liang Wenfu zuopinji 门：梁文福作品集 [Puerta: grandes éxitos de Liang Wern Fook]. Singapur: Ocean Butterflies Production. LP. https://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~tanhw/chinese/song/singapore/liang-wen-fu/door/#s1
Liang Wern Fook 梁文福. 1990. Xinjiapo Pai 新加坡派 [La tarta de Singapur]. Singapur: First Harvest. LP.
Liew Kai Khiun y Brenda Chan. 2013. “Vestigial Pop: Hokkien Popular Music and the Cultural Fossilization of Subalternity in Singapore”. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 28 (2): 272-298. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43186961
Man, Ivy. 2021. “Popular Music Censorship under Chinese Societies: Selected Canto-Pop Case Studies in China, Hong Kong and Singapore”. Asian Education and Development Studies 10 (4): 536-543. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-04-2019-0074
Mani, A. 2006. “Indians in Singapore Society”. En Indian Communities in Southeast Asia, editado por Kernial Singh Sandhu y A. Mani, 788-809. Singapur: ISEAS. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789812305732-035
Ministry of Education. 2023. “Learning a Mother Tongue Language in Primary School”. Última actualización: 13 de febrero de 2023. https://www.moe.gov.sg/primary/curriculum/mother-tongue-languages/learning-in-school
Moo, Eric 巫启贤. 1993. “Kopi-O”. En Hongchen laiqu yi chang meng 红尘来去一场梦 [Todo pasará como en un sueño]. Taipéi: EMI. CD-ROM.
Moo, Eric 巫启贤. 2021. “Cong ‘Xiehou’ Tanqi” 从 “邂逅” 谈起 [Empecemos por ‘Encuentro fortuito’]. Sinchew Daily, 17 de julio de 2021. https://www.sinchew.com.my/?p=3238497
Moscowitz, Marc. 2010. Cries of Joy, Songs of Sorrow: Chinese Pop Music and Its Cultural Connotations. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Ng Bee Chin y Francesco Cavallaro. 2021. “The Curious Case of Mandarin Chinese in Singapore”. En Multilingual Singapore: Language Policies and Linguistic Realities, editado por Ritu Jain, 159-178. Londres: Routledge.
Ng, Terry. 2021. “Xinyao Pioneer, Dr. Liang Wern Fook, Conferred Singapore Chinese Cultural Contribution Award”. Hear65. Última actualización: 1 de septiembre de 2021. https://hear65.bandwagon.asia/articles/xinyao-pioneer-dr-liang-wern-fook-conferred-Singapore-Chinese-Cultural-Contribution-Award
NHB. 2021. “Nationwide Language Campaigns”. National Heritage Board. https://www.nhb.gov.sg/What-We-Do/Our-Work/Community-Engagement/Public-Programmes/Nationwide-Language-Campaigns
Peng Hui 彭慧. 2015. “Xinjiapo Huazu Wenhua de Jiangou yu Panghuang: Yi Xinyao Yundong yu Qiyue Getai Wei Lie” 新加坡华族文化的建构与彷徨——以新谣运动与七月歌台为例 [Construcción y confusión de la cultura sinosingapurense: el caso del movimiento xinyao y del Getai]. Shijie Minzu 5: 65-72.
Peng Hui 彭慧, Yang Yahong 杨亚红 y Xie Chunhai 谢春海. 2019. Dangdai Xinjiapo Huaren Shehui 当代新加坡华人社会 [La sociedad china contemporánea en Singapur]. Sine loco: Shijie Huayu Chubanshe.
Promote Mandarin Council. 2021. Singaporean Mandarin Database. https://www.languagecouncils.sg/mandarin/en/learning-resources/singaporean-mandarin-database
Rovira-Esteva, Sara. 2010. Lengua y escritura chinas: mitos y realidades. Barcelona: Bellaterra.
SGEM (Speak Good English Movement). 2024. “About Us”. Language Councils Singapore. https://www.languagecouncils.sg/goodenglish/about-us
Shih Shu-mei. 2011. “The Concept of the Sinophone”. PMLA 126 (3): 709-718. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41414144
Sim, Cheryl. 2016. “Bilingual Policy”. Singapore Infopedia, 31 de agosto de 2016. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=82fbbca5-e8e2-40cc-b944-fbb2bd2367fe
Tan, Charlene. 2005. “The Linguistic Pragmatism of Mandarin in Singapore”. The Journal of Asia TEFL 2 (3).
Tang Hoa. K. 2020. “Linguistic Landscaping in Singapore: Multilingualism or the Dominance of English and Its Dual Identity in the Local Linguistic Ecology?”. International Journal of Multilingualism 17 (2): 152-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2018.1467422
Tang Zhixiang 汤志禅. 2012. “Cong Xinjiapo Huayu Kan Duoyuan Yujing xia Ciyu de Jiechu, Xishou he Panru” 从新加坡华语看多元语境下词语的接触、吸收和攀乳 [Interacción léxica, préstamos y derivación en el contexto multilingüe del mandarín de Singapur]. Journal of Malaysian Chinese Studies 15: 35-49.
Taylor, Matt. 2017. “How Beautiful It Will Be: How Campus Folk Changed Taiwan”. The New Lens, 20 de junio de 2017. https://international.thenewslens.com/article/71329
Teo, Peter. 2005. “Mandarinising Singapore: A Critical Analysis of Slogans in Singapore’s ‘Speak Mandarin’ Campaign”. Critical Discourse Studies 2 (2): 121-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405900500283565
Wee, Lionel. 2009. “‘Burdens’ and ‘Handicaps’ in Singapore’s Language Policy: On the Limits of Language Management”. Language Policy 9: 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-009-9159-2
Wee, Lionel. 2021. “The Fetishization of Official Languages”. En Multilingual Singapore: Language Policies and Linguistic Realities, editado por Ritu Jain, 12-27. Londres: Routledge.
Xu Zhiyuan 许志源. 2010. “Cong xiaoyuan minge kan qishi niandai de Taiwan shehui” 从校园民歌看七零年代的台湾社会 [La sociedad taiwanesa de la década de 1970 a través de las canciones folclóricas de campus]. E-SOC Journal 85. https://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/87/A7.htm
Yak, Jessie y Siew Yeen Lim. 2013. “Speak Mandarin Campaign”. Singapore Infopedia. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid226f348a-2170-
4719-9f45-ef57755e8cb8
Yeoh, Brenda S. A. y Weiqiang Lin. 2013. “Chinese Migration to Singapore: Discourses and Discontents in a Globalizing Nation-State”. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 22 (1): 31-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719681302200103
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2022 Estudios de Asia y África