Palabras clave
edomita
destrucción de Jerusalén
mito
Cómo citar
-
Resumen322
-
PDF386
Resumen
En 586 a.n.e. el ejército babilónico de Nabucodonosor tomó la ciudad de Jerusalén, y el consiguiente saqueo, incendio y destrucción son aún recordados como el epítome de toda catástrofe nacional. La mayoría de los historiadores que han estudiado el tema, siguiendo lo relatado principalmente por las fuentes bíblicas, han cargado el peso de la culpa en los babilonios por la devastación de Jerusalén. Existen, sin embargo, algunos pasajes de la Biblia hebrea que aluden a una posible participación de los edomitas en estos sucesos. Un examen de las escasas fuentes a nuestra disposición demuestra que las acusaciones concernientes al accionar edomita no son contemporáneas a los hechos que pretenden describir, carecen de importantes detalles históricos y están llenas de una imaginería teatral producto de sus actitudes negativas hacia Edom. Es mi intención sugerir que la creencia de la participación edomita en la caída de Jerusalén y en la destrucción del templo de Yahvé es un caso de lo que se conoce como las tradiciones de la “puñalada por la espalda”, tan comunes en las sociedades modernas derrotadas.
Referencias
Aberbach, David, “The Roman-Jewish Wars and Hebrew Cultural Nationalism”, Nations and Nationalism, vol. 6, núm. 3, 2000, pp. 347-362.
Albright, William F., Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: A Historical Analysis of two Contrasting Faiths, ed. original: 1968, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 2001.
Amit, Yairah, “Epoch and Genre: The Sixth Century and the Growth of Hidden Polemics”, en Oded Lipschits y Joseph Blenkinsopp (eds.), Judah and the Judaeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 2003, pp. 135-151.
Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities, ed. original: 1983, Londres, Verso, 2003.
Aster, Shawn Zelig, “What Was Doeg the Edomite’s Title? Textual Emendation versus Comparative Approach to Samuel 21:8”, Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 122, 2003, pp. 353-361.
Baker, Kevin, “Stabbed in the Back! The Past and Future of a Right-Wing Myth”, Harper’s Magazine, junio de 2006, pp. 31-42.
Barth, Boris, Dolchstoßlegenden und Politische Desintegration. Das Trauma des Deutschen Niederlage im Ersten Welkrieg 1914-1933, Schriften des Bundesarchivs 61, Düsselforf, Droste Verlag, 2003.
Bartlett, John R., Edom and the Edomites, JSOT serie suplementaria 77, Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 1989.
Bartov, Omer, “Defining Enemies, Making Victims: Germans, Jews, and the Holocaust”, American Historical Review, vol. 103, núm. 3, 1988, pp. 771-816.
Baudissin, W. W. Graf, Adonis und Esmun, Leipzig, JC Hinrichs, 1911.
Bauer, Hans, “Die hebräischen Eigennamen als Sprachliche Erkenntnisquelle”, Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 48, 1930, pp. 73-80.
Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq, Horvat Qitmit: An Edomite Shrine in the Biblical Negev, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology 11, Tel Aviv, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 1995.
____________, “Judean-Edomite Rivalry in the Negev”, Qadmoniot, vol. 36, 2003, pp. 66-76 (en hebreo).
Benz, Franz L., Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions, StP 8, Rome, Biblical Institute Press, 1972.
Berkowitz, Michael, The Crime of My Very Existence. Nazism and the Myth of Jewish Criminality, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2007.
Bienkowski, Piotr y Eveline van der Steen, “Tribes, Trade and Towns: A New Framework for the Late Iron Age in Southern Jordan and the Negev”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 323, 2001, pp. 21-47.
Brown, Francis, Samuel R. Driver y Charles A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1957.
Coggings, Richard J. y Michael Anthony Knibb, The First and Second Books of Esdras, Cambridge Bible Commentary, New English Bible, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Cohen, Rudolph y Yigal Yisrael, On the Road to Edom: Discoveries from ‘En Hazeva, Jerusalén, The Israel Museum, 1995.
Cook, Stanley A., The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the Light of Archaeology, The Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology, Londres, British Academy, 1930.
Cross, Frank Moore, Leaves from an Epigrapher’s Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Paleography and Epigraphy, Harvard Semitic Studies, núm. 51, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 2003.
____________, “Personal Names in the Samaria Papyri”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 344, 2007, pp. 75-90.
Crowell, Bradley L., “Nabonidus, as-Sila‘, and the Beginning of the End of Edom”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 348, 2007, pp. 75-88.
Dicou, Bert, Edom, Israel’s Brother and Antagonist. The Role of Edom in Biblical Prophecy and Story, JSOT serie suplementaria 169, Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 1994.
Engnell, Ivan, Studies in Divine Kingship in the Ancient Near East, Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksell, 1943.
Eph‘al, Israel y Joseph Naveh, Aramaic Ostraca of the Fourth Century BC from Idumaea, Jerusalén, The Magnes Press-The Hebrew University, Israel Exploration Society, 1996.
Epstein, Leon D., “Partisan Foreign Policy. Britain in the Suez Crisis”, Word Politics, vol. 12, núm. 2, 1960, pp. 201-224.
Finkelstein, Israel, Living on the Fringe. The Archaeology and History of the Negev, Sinai and Neighbouring Regions in the Bronze and Iron Ages, Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 6, Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 1995.
Gellner, Ernst, Nations and Nationalism, 1a. ed., 1983, Oxford, Blackwell, 2006.
Gesenius, Wilhem y Samuel P. Tregelles, Gesenius’ Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures, Nueva York, Wiley & Sons, 1893.
Glassner, Jean-Jacques, Mesopotamian Chronicles, en Benjamin R. Foster (ed.), Leiden, Brill, 2005.
Glazier-McDonald, Beth, “Edom in the Prophetical Corpus”, You Shall Not Abhor an Edomite for He is Your Brother. Edom and Seir in History and Tradition”, en Diana V. Edelman (ed.), Atlanta, Scholars Press, 1995, pp. 23-32.
Goodblatt, David, Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Grayson, Albert K., Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, 1a. ed., 1975, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 2000.
Grosby, Steven, “Kinship, Territory, and the Nation in the Historiography of Ancient Israel”, Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 105, 1993, pp. 3-18.
____________, “Borders, Territory and Nationality in the Ancient Near East and Armenia”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 40, 1997, pp. 1-29.
____________, “The Chosen People of Ancient Israel and the Occident: Why Does Nationality Exist and Survive?”, Nations and Nationalism, vol. 5, núm. 3, 1999, pp. 357-380.
____________, Biblical Ideas of Nationality: Ancient and Modern, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 2002.
____________, Nationalism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005.
Harkavy, Robert E., “Defeat, National Humiliation, and the Revenge Motif in International Politics”, International Politics, vol. 37, 2000, pp. 345-368.
Hobsbawm, Eric J., Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, 1a. ed., 1990, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Holladay, William L., Jeremiah 2: A Commentary on the Book of the Prophet Jeremiah, Chapters 26-52, Minneapolis, Fortress Press, 1989.
Holsti, Ole R. y James M. Rosenau, “Vietnam, Consensus, and the Belief Systems of American Leaders”, World Politics, vol. 32, núm. 1, 1979, pp. 1-56.
Israel, Felice, “Miscellanea Idumea III. L’onomastica in qos: Gli ostraca dall’Idumea e un aggiornamento della lista”, Fs. Claudio Saporetti, Pisa, (EDITORIAL), 2010, pp. 157-231.
Japhet, Sara, I & II Chronicles: A Commentary, otl, Louisville, Westminster John Knox Press, 1993.
Kedourie, Elie, Nationalism, 1a. ed., 1960, Oxford, Blackwell, 2004.
Kimball, Jeffrey P., “The Stab-in-the-Back Legend and the Vietnam War”, Armed Forces and Society, vol. 14, núm. 3, 1988, pp. 433-458.
Knauf, Ernest Axel, “Qôs”, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (DDD), Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking y Pieter W. van der Horst (eds.), 2a. ed., Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1999, pp. 674-677.
Knoppers, Gary N., “Intermarriage, Social Complexity, and Ethnic Diversity in the Genealogy of Judah”, Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 120, 2001, pp. 15-30.
____________, “The Relationship of the Priestly Genealogies to the History of the High Priesthood in Jerusalem”, Judah and the Judaeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Oded Lipschits y Joseph Blenkinsopp (eds.), Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 2003, pp. 109-133.
Kraeling, Emil G., “The Real Religion of Israel”, Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 47, 1928, pp. 133-159.
Lemaire, André, Nouvelles Inscriptions Araméennes D’Idumée au Musée D’Israël, Transeuphratène Supplement 3, París, Gabalda, 1996.
____________, “New Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea and Their Historical Interpretation”, en Oded Lipschits y Manfred Oeming (eds.), Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns,2006, pp. 413-456.
____________, Nouvelles Inscriptions Araméennes D’Idumée, Tome II, Transeuphratène Supplement 9, París, Gabalda, 2002.
Lindsay, John, “Edomite Westward Expansion: The Biblical Evidence”, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, vol. 36, 1999, pp. 48-89.
Lipschits, Oded, The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 2005.
Mendels, Doron, The Rise and Fall of Jewish Nationalism, 3a. ed., Nueva York, Doubleday, 1997.
Myers, Jacob, II Chronicles, AB 13, Garden City, Doubleday, 1965.
Nevins, Arthur J., “When Was Solomon’s Temple Burned Down? Reassessing the Evidence”, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, vol. 31, núm. 1, 2006, pp. 3-25.
Porten, Bezalel y Ada Yardeni, “Social, Economic, and Onomastic Issues in the Aramaic Ostraca of the Fourth Century B.C.E.”, en Oded Lipschits y Manfred Oeming (eds.), Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 2006, pp. 457-488.
Roshwald, Aviel, The Endurance of Nationalism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Sass, Benjamin, “Arabs and Greeks in Late First Temple Jerusalem”, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 122, 1990, pp. 59-61.
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, The Culture of Defeat: On National Trauma, Mourning, and Recovery, Nueva York, Metropolitan Books, 2003.
Seton-Watson, Hugh, Nations & States: An Inquiry into the Origins of Nations and the Politics of Nationalism, Londres, Methuen, 1977.
Shearer, R. H., “Barkos”, en David N. Freedman (ed.), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. I, Nueva York, Doubleday, 1992, p. 610.
Singer-Avitz, Lily, “Beersheba—A Gateway Community in Southern Arabian Long-Distance Trade in the Eighth Century B.C.E.”, Tel Aviv, vol. 26, 1999, pp. 1-75.
Smith, Anthony D., Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.
____________, Ethno-symbolism and Nationalism: A Cultural Approach, Londres, Taylor & Francis, 2009., Myths and Memories of the Nations, reimpr., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002.
____________, National Identity, Ehtnonationalism in Comparative Perspective, Reno, University of Nevada Press, 1993., Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism, Londres, Routledge, 1998.
____________, The Antiquity of Nations, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2004.
____________, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, 1a. ed., 1986, Oxford, Blackwell, 2002.
____________, The Nation in History: Historiographical Debates about Ethnicity and Nationalism, The Menahem Stern Jerusalem Lectures, Hanover, University Press of New England, 2000.
Steigmann-Gall, Richard, The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Tan, Nancy, “The Chronicler’s ‘Obed-edom’: A Foreigner and/or a Levite?”, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, vol. 32, núm. 2, 2007, pp. 217-230.
Tebes, Juan Manuel, “La terminología diplomática en los oráculos de Amós contra Tiro y Edom (Am 1,9-12)”, Aula Orientalis, vol. 24, 2006, pp. 239-249.
____________, “‘You Shall Not Abhor an Edomite, for He is Your Brother’: The Tradition of Esau and the Edomite Genealogies from an Anthropological Perspective”, Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, vol. 6, núm. 6, 2006, pp. 1-30.
____________, “Assyrians, Judaeans, Pastoral Groups, and the Trade Patterns in the Late Iron Age Negev”, History Compass, vol. 5, núm. 2, 2007, pp. 619-631.
____________, Centro y periferia en el mundo antiguo. El Negev y sus interacciones con Egipto, Asiria, y el Levante en la Edad del Hierro (1200-586 a.n.e.), anem 1, Buenos Aires, SBL & CEHAO, 2008.
Thompson, D. L., “Obed-Edom”, The Anchor Bible Dictionary, en David N. Freedman (ed.), Nueva York, Doubleday, 1992, vol. V, pp. 5-6.
Tov, Emanuel, The Greek & Hebrew Bible: Collected Essays on the Septuagint, VTSup 79, Leiden, Brill, 1999.
Zadok, Ran, “Notes On the Biblical and Extra-Biblical Onomasticon”, Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. 71, 1980, pp. 107-117.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2022 Estudios de Asia y África