Palabras clave
acuerdos corporativos
petróleo
producción
refinación
República Popular China
Arabia Saudita
Irán
Iraq
Cómo citar
-
Resumen669
-
PDF411
Resumen
El agotamiento del modelo energético maoísta y la necesidad de crear empresas globalmente competitivas en sectores estratégicos ha conducido a la internacionalización de las tres corporaciones petroleras más importantes de China. Uno de los casos más sobresalientes de este proceso se ha dado en el golfo Pérsico, donde Chinese National Petroleum Corporation, China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation y Chinese National Offshore Oil Corporation han concluido acuerdos en los sectores de exploración, producción y refinación. La base de este éxito han sido las complementariedades económicas entre las industrias de la República Popular y las de Arabia Saudita, Irán e Iraq, y no, como suele creerse, la iniciativa del ejecutivo chino.
La diplomacia de Beijing ha coadyuvado a la operación de sus firmas en el caso saudita; sin embargo, en Irán no ha sido suficiente para echar a andar los proyectos negociados.
Referencias
Agencia Internacional de Energía, “People’s Republic of China”, en Oil and Gas Security, Emergency Response of IEA Countries, París, OECD-IEA, 2012.
Alnasrawi, Abbas, “Iraq: Economic Sanctions and Consequences, 1990-2000”, Third World Quarterly, vol. 22, núm. 2, abril de 2001, pp. 205-218.
Bloomberg, “Iraq Opens Up to Foreign Oil Majors”, Bloomberg Businessweek, 4 de marzo de 2010.
Bordoff, Jason, Manasi Deshpande y Pascal Noel, “Understanding the Interaction between Energy Security and Climate Change Policy”, en Carlos Pascual y Jonathan Elkind (eds.), Energy Security: Economics, Politics, Strategies and Implications, Washington, the Brookings Institution Press, 2009, pp. 219-239.
British Petroleum, BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2012, Londres, BP, 2012. [www.bp.com/assets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_ener-gy_review_2011/StAGInG/local_assets/pdf/statistical_re-view_of_world_energy_full_report_2012.pdf, consultado el 18 de agosto de 2012.]
Burman, Edward, China and Iran: Parallel History, Future Threat, Gloucestershire, the History Press, 2009.
Business Monitor International, Saudi Arabia Oil and Gas Report Q4 2011, 2011.
China Development Bank, “Annual Reports”. [goo.gl/tS7vt.]
China Exim Bank, “Annual Reports”. [goo.gl/8uJGO.]
China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, “Profile of Fujian Petrochemical Company limited”, Sinopec Corp. [www.goo.gl/85veq, consultado el 5 de noviembre de 2012.]
Chinese National Offshore Corporation, Social Responsibility Report 2010-2011, Beijing, CNDC, 2012.
Chinese National Petroleum Corporation, CNPC in Kazakhstan, Beijing, CNPC, 2009.
Chinese National Petroleum Corporation, CNPC in Sudan: Review of 15 years of Sino-Sudanese Petroleum Cooperation, reporte, Beijing, CNPC, 2009.
Chon, Gina, “Iraq Awards West Qurna-1 Oil Field to Exxon, Shell”, The Wall Street Journal, 5 de noviembre de 2009.
Chuen-Ho Chow, Larry, “The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-1989”, The China Quarterly, núm. 131, número especial: the Chinese economy in the 1990s, septiembre, 1992, pp. 750-765.
Conferencia de Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo, UNCTADStat, “Commodity Price Long-Term Trends”. [unctads-tat.unctad.org/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx, consultado el 22 de junio de 2012.]
Daly, Michael C., “BP in Rumaila”, discurso en el International Petroleum Week, bp.com. [www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98&contentId=7059849, consultado el 11 de abril de 2013.]
Doak, A. Barnett, China’s Economy in Global Perspective, Washington, the Brookings Institution, 1981.
Downs, Erica, “Business Interest Groups in Chinese Politics: the Case of the Oil Companies”, en Cheng li (ed.), China’s Changing Political Landscape: Prospects for Democracy, Washington, the Brookings Institution, 2008, pp. 121-141.
Downs, Erica, “China-Gulf Energy Relations”, en Bryce Wakefield y Susan Levenstein, China and the Persian Gulf. Implications for the United States, Washington, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2011. [www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ASIA%20Program_China%20and%20the%20PG.pdf, consultado el 25 de junio de 2012.]
Downs, Erica, Inside China, Inc.: China Development Bank’s Cross-Border Energy Deals, John l. Thornton China Center Monograph Series, núm. 3, marzo, Washington, the Brookings Institution, 2011.
Elkind, Jonathan, “Energy Security: Call for a Broader Agenda”, en Carlos Pascual y Jonathan Elkind (eds.), Energy Security: Economics, Politics, Strategies and Implications, marzo, Washington, the Brookings Institution Press, 2009.
Energy Information Administration, Country Analysis Brief Iran, EIA, 2012. [www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=IR, consultado el 2 de agosto de 2012.]
Energy Information Administration, Country Analysis Brief Saudi Arabia, EIA, 2012. [goo.gl/Mtkma, consultado el 2 de agosto de 2012.]
Energy Information Administration, OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet 2009, EIA, 2012. [www.eia.gov/countries/regions-topics.cfm? fips=OPeC, consultado el 23 de julio de 2012.]
Ernst and Young, National Oil Company Monitor Q1 2010, 2010.
Exxon Mobil, “Fujian Petrochemical, ExxonMobil, Aramco Sign Agreement for Submission of Fujian Project Joint Feasibility Study”, ExxonMobil.com, 15 de noviembre de 2001. [www.goo.gl/W9Sne, consultado el 4 de noviembre de 2012.]
Farmani, Hiedeh, “Iran gives two-week ultimatum to Shell, Repsol”, Reuters, 10 de mayo de 2010.
Fortune, “Global 500”, CNN Money. [goo.gl/DBXmi.]
Froggatt, Antony y Glada lahn, Sustainable Energy Security. Strategic Riesks and Opportunities for Business, Londres, Royal Institute for International Affairs, 2010.
Galindo, Alejandra, “Las relaciones entre China y Arabia Saudita: la diplomacia del petróleo”, Estudios de Asia y África, vol. XLVI, núm. 144 (1), 2011, pp. 35-63.
Gaughan, Patrick A., Mergers, Acquisitions and Corporate Restructurings, Nueva York, John Wiley and Sons, 2005.
Gobierno de la República Popular China, “Senior CPC oficial meets Iranian vice president on bilateral ties”, Gov.cn, 16 de julio de 2011. [english.gov.cn/2011-07/16/content_1907727.htm, consultado el 16 de enero de 2012.]
Gobierno Municipal de Zhangjiang, “Sino-Kuwait Guangdong Integrated Refinery & Petrochemical J. V. Project”, China.zhanjiang. [www.goo.gl/f8jwB, consultado el 5 de noviembre de 2012.]
Golbe, D. l. y l. J. White, “A Time-Series Analysis of Mergers and Acquisitions in the United States Economy”, en A. J. Auerbach (ed.), Corporate Takeovers: Causes and Consequences, Chicago, the University of Chicago Press, 1988, pp. 265-310.
Goldthau, Andreas y Jan Martin Witte, Global Energy Governance: The New Rules of the Game, Washington, Brookings Institution Press, 2010.
Gordon, Richard y Thomas Stenvoll, “Statoil: A Study in Political Entrepreneurship”, en The Changing Role of National Oil Companies in International Markets, Houston, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy-Rice University, 2007, pp. 33-36.
Harold, Scott y Alireza Nader, China and Iran: Economic, Political and Military Relations, Santa Mónica, RAND Corporation, 2012.}
Harry Lai, Hongyi, “China’s Oil Diplomacy: Is It a Global Security Threat?”, Third World Quarterly, vol. 28, núm. 3, 2007, pp. 519-537.
Hashimoto, Kohei, Jareer Elass y Stacy Eller, Liquefied Natural Gas from Qatar: The Qatargas Project, documento de trabajo, Stanford, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development-Stanford University-James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy-Rice University, diciembre de 2004. [bakerinstitute.org/media/files/Research/36c4f094/liquefied-natural-gas-from-qatar-the-qatargas-project.pdf, consultado el 8 de septiembre de 2012.]
He, Jia, “Back to Basics: what is oil?”, China Petroleum, enero, 1999, pp. 52-54.
Huntington, Samuel, “Transnational Organizations in World Politics”, World Politics, vol. 25, núm. 3, abril de 1973, pp. 333-368.
Ismael, Tareq Y. y Jacqueline S. Ismael, “Whither Iraq? Beyond Saddam, Sactions and Occupation”, Third World Quarterly, vol. 26, núm. 4-5, 2005, pp. 609-629.
Jamail, Dahr, “Western Oil Firms Remain as US exits Iraq”, Al-Jazeera, 7 de enero de 2012. [goo.gl/8cGvg, consultado el 12 de noviembre de 2012.]
Jiang, Julie y Jonathan Sinton, Overseas Investments by Chinese National Oil Companies: Assessing the Drivers and Impacts, documento de la Agencia Internacional de Energía, núm. 2011/03, febrero de 2011. [www.oecd-ilibrary.org/energy/overseas-investments-by-chinese-national-oil-companies_5kgglrwdrvvd-en, consultado el 28 de septiembre de 2012.]
Klare, M., Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences of America’s Growing Dependency on Imported Petroleum, Nueva York, Henry Holt and Company, 2004.
Klare, M., Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict, Nueva York, Owl Books, 2001.
Kobayashi, Yoshikazu, “Corporate Strategies of Saudi Aramco”, en The Changing Role of National Oil Companies in International Markets, Houston, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy-Rice University, 2007. [bakerinstitute.org/files/3901/, consultado el 13 de febrero de 2012.]
Kommersant, “TNK-BP Shareholders’ Conflict Admitted”, Kommersant, 27 de mayo de 2008.
Kong, Bo, China’s International Petroleum Policy, Santa Bárbara, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2010.
Kueh, Y. Y. y Christopher Howe, “China’s International Trade: Policy and Organizational Change and their Place in the Economic Readjustment”, The China Quarterly, núm. 100, diciembre de 1984, pp. 813-848.
Lahn, Glada y Keun-Wook Paik, Russia’s Oil and Gas Exports to North-East Asia, Reporte, Londres, Sustainable Development Programme-Chatham House, abril de 2005.
Lee, Henry y Dan A. Shalmon, Searching for Oil: China’s Oil Initiatives in the Middle East, documento de discusión, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs-Harvard University, enero de 2007. [belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/2966/sear-ching_for_oil.html, consultado el 5 de octubre de 2012.]
Lee, John, “China’s Geostrategic Search for Oil”, The Washington Quarterly, vol. 35, núm. 3, verano de 2012, pp. 75-92.
Leverett, Flynt y Jeffrey Bader, “Managing China-U.S. Energy Competition in the Middle East”, The Washington Quarterly, vol. 29, núm. 1, invierno de 2005-2006, pp. 187-201.
Lieberthal, Kenneth y Micheal Oksenberg, Bureaucratic Politics and Chinese Energy Development, Washington, the University of Michigan, 1986.
Luft, Gal y Anne Korin, Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century: A Reference Handbook, Santa Bárbara, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009.
Lum, Thomas, Hannah Fischer, Julissa Gómez-Granger y Anne Leland, China’s Foreign Aid Activities in Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia, reporte para el Congreso del Congressional Research Service, 25 de febrero de 2009. [www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40361.pdf, consultado el 31 de octubre de 2012.]
Macalister, Terry, “BP has gained stranglehold over Iraq after oilfield deal is rewritten”, The Guardian, 31 de julio de 2011. [www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/jul/31/bp-stranglehold-iraq-oilfield-contract, consultado el 8 de julio de 2012.]
Mackey, Peg y Timothy Gartner, “Exxon seeks to quit flagship oil project”, Reuters, 18 de octubre de 2012. [goo.gl/2UBe0, consultado el 19 de octubre de 2012.]
Mackey, Peg, “Exxon, Iraq agree on West Qurna oil payments”, Reuters, 12 de marzo de 2012. [goo.gl/CCQht, consultado el 1 de octubre de 2012.]
Mahdi, Wael, “Sinopec, Aramco Sign Saudi Refinery Deal, Plan Plant in China”, Bloomberg Businessweek, 16 de enero de 2012.
Maillard, Laurent, “Iran Takes One Gas Field From China to Push It On Another”, AFP, 11 de octubre de 2011.
Manning, Robert A., “The Asian Energy Predicament”, Survival, vol. 42, núm. 3, primavera de 2000, pp. 73-88.
Marcel, Valérie, Oil Titans: National Oil Companies in the Middle East, Washington, Brookings Institution Press, 2006.
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de la República Popular China, “Visit by President Jiang Zemin to Six Countries in Europe, Africa and Asia”, 17 de noviembre de 2000. [goo.gl/G1PIa, consultado el 3 de julio de 2012.]
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de la República Popular China, “President Hu Jintao Holds Talks with Saudi Arabian King Abdullah”, 23 de abril de 2006. [goo.gl/OKler, consultado el 26 de junio de 2012.]
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de la República Popular China, “Chinese President Hu Jintao Holds Talks with Saudi Arabian King”, Department of West Asian and North African Affairs, 11 de febrero de 2009. [www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/, consultado el 8 de julio de 2012.]
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de la República Popular China, “President Jiang Zemin Held Talks with Iranian President Mohammad Khatami”, 22 de abril de 2002. [www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/, consultado el 5 de julio de 2012.]
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de la República Popular China, “Hu Jintao Holds Talks with Saudi Arabian King Abdullah” [comunicado oficial], The Department of West Asian and North African Affairs, 23 de enero de 2006. [goo.gl/vPMUC, consultado el 25 de julio de 2012.]
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de la República Popular China, “Iranian President Khatami Congratulated on President Jiang Zemin’s Successful Visit to Iran”, 24 de abril de 2002. [www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/topics/3740/3745/t19164.shtml, consultado el 15 de abril de 2012.]
Mitchell, John V., Renewing Energy Security, Londres, Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), 2002.
Mouawad, Jad, “China’s Growth Shifts the Geopolitics of Oil”, The New York Times, Energy and Environment, 19 de marzo de 2010. [goo.gl/FMu91, consultado el 3 de septiembre de 2012.]
Myers Jaffe, Amy y Jareer Elass, “Saudi Aramco: National Flagship with Global Responsibilities”, en The Changing Role of National Oil Companies in International Markets, Houston, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy-Rice University, 2007. [bakerinstitute.org/media/files/page/9f100176/noc_saudiaramco_jaffe_elass_revised.pdf, consultado el 8 de agosto de 2012.]
Myers Jaffe, Amy y Ronald Soligo, “The International Oil Companies”, The Changing Role of National Oil Companies in International Energy Markets, Houston, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy-Rice University, 2007. [bakerinstitute.org/, consultado el 2 de agosto de 2012.]
Najmeh, Bozorgmehr, “Iran Struggles over its Gas Field Riches”, The Financial Times, 20 de julio de 2010.
Naser Al-Tamimi, China-Saudi Arabia Relations: Economic Partnership or Strategic Alliance?, HH Sheikh Nasser al-Mohammad al-Sabah Publication Series, núm. 2, junio, Durham, Durham University, 2012.
Ned Lebow, Richard, “Classical Realism”, en Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki y Steve Smith (eds.), International Relations Theories. Discipline and Diversity, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 52-70.
Nolan, Peter, China and the Global Business Revolution, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2001.
Noqrehkar Shirazi, Hossein, “China invests $40 billion in Iran oil, gas: minister”, AFP, 31 de julio de 2010.
O’Sullivan, Meghan, “Iraqi Politics and Implications for Oil and energy”, Belfer Center for Science and International Relations/Harvard University, julio de 2011. [belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21234/iraqi_politics_and_implications_for_oil_and_energy.html, consultado el 19 de agosto de 2012.]
Pars Oil and Gas Company, “Projects in Operation” y “Projects under Development”. [www.pogc.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=131.]
Pascual, Carlos y Jonathan Elkind (eds.), Energy Security: Economics, Politics, Strategies and Implications, Washington, the Brookings Institution Press, 2009.
Petro China Company Limited, 2001 Annual Report, Dongcheng, Beijing, 2002.
Rasheed, Ahmed, “Iraqi Kurds win more oil deals to restart exports”, Reuters, 1 de agosto de 2012. [goo.gl/ttwaa, consultado el 3 de agosto de 2012.]
Ravenscraft, David J. y F. M. Scherer, Mergers, Sell-Offs and Economic Efficiency, Berkeley, the Brookings Institution, 1987.
Reuters, “China pulls out of South Pars Project: Report”, Reuters, 29 de julio de 2012. [www.goo.gl/UC3Mv.]
Reuters, “Shell, Repsol aim to leave Iran gas project: paper”, Reuters, 3 de mayo de 2008.
Rosen, Daniel H. y Trevor Houser, China Energy: A Guide for the Perplexed, Washington, Center for Strategic and International Studies-Peterson Institute for International economics, 2007.
Sanjayam, Baru, “A New Era of Geo-economics: Assessing the Interplay of Economic and Political Risk”, Understanding Geo-economics and Strategy, seminario del International Institute for Strategic Studies, marzo de 2012. [www.iiss.org/en/events/geo-economics%20seminars/geo-economics%20seminars/archive/a-new-era-of-geo-economics-617d, consultado el 18 de julio de 2012.]
Saudi Aramco Mobil Refinery Company Ltd., “About SAMREF”, Samref.com.sa. [www.samref.com.sa/english/whoweare.asp.]
Saudi Aramco, “Equity venture integrated refineries and petrochemical plants”, Saudiaramco.com. [goo.gl/O3bo4.]
Saudi Aramco, “Venture Refineries and Chemicals”, Saudiaramco.com. [www.saudiaramco.com/content/mobile/en/home/our-operations/refining---chemicals/joint-and-equity-venture-refineries.html.]
Senado de los Estados Unidos, Sesión ante el Subcomité de Asuntos del Pacífico y Asia Oriental del Comité de Relaciones Exteriores del Senado de los estados Unidos, 109° Congreso, primera sesión, 7 de junio de 2005, Washington. [www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=CHRG, consultado el 10 de agosto de 2012.]
Senado de los Estados Unidos, Sesión ante el Subcomité del Hemisferio Occidental, Cuerpos de Paz y Asuntos de Narcóticos del Comité de Relaciones Exteriores del Senado de los Estados Unidos, 109° Congreso, primera sesión, 20 de septiembre de 2005, Washington. [www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action? collectionCode=CHRG, consultado el 10 de agosto de 2012.]
Seznec, Jean-Françoise, “China and the Gulf in 2010: A Political Economy Survey”, en Bryce Wakefield y S. Levenstein, China and the Persian Gulf. Implications for the United States, Washington, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2011.
Sheridan, Mary, “The Emulation of Heroes”, China Quarterly, núm. 33, enero-marzo, 1968, pp. 47-72.
Sinopec Group, 2011 Annual Report and Accounts, Beijing, Sinopec, 2012.
Sovacool, Benjamin K. y Marilyn A. Brown (eds.), Energy and American Society, Thirteen Myths, Dordrecht, Springer, 2007.
Stanley, Reed, “TNK’s Fridman Aimsto Buy BP Fields in Push Beyond Russia”, Bloomberg, 20 de septiembre de 2010. [goo.gl/Sffro, consultado el 21 de febrero de 2012.]
Steiner, Peter O., Mergers: Motives, Effects and Policies, Ann Harbor, University of Michigan Press, 1975.
Stevens, Paul, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation: Searching for Strategy in a Fragmented Oil Sector, documento de trabajo del Program on energy and Sustainable Development, núm. 78, Stanford, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies-Stanford University, 2008.
Sutter, Robert, Chinese Foreign Relations. Power and Policy since the Cold War, Nueva York, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.
Taylor, Ian, “China’s Oil Diplomacy in Africa”, International Affairs, vol. 82, núm. 5, septiembre de 2006, pp. 937-959.
U. S. Government, Energy Trends in China and India: Implications for the United States (Sesión ante el Comité de Relaciones Exteriores del Senado de Estados Unidos, 109° Congreso, primera sesión, 26 de julio de 2005), Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2006.
United States Securities and exchange Commission, Chinese National Offshore Oil Corporation Limited, Form 20-f, Washington, 10 de junio de 2004 y 20 de abril de 2012.
Wan, Xiao, “CNPC to develop Azadegan oil field”, China Daily, 16 de enero de 2009. [goo.gl/lfAh3, consultado el 6 de mayo de 2012.]
Webb, Simon, “Iraq’s West Qurna to Hit 120,000 BDP in 2012”, Reuters, 27 de abril de 2010. [goo.gl/bzJOUn, consultado el 17 de mayo de 2012.]
Wikileaks, “Reported Azadegan Deal not Officially Confirmed” [Cable de la Embajada de Estados Unidos de América en Beijing al Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos], 16 de enero de 2009, Wikileaks.org [www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=09BeIJInG149, consultado el 9 de octubre de 2012.]
Wikileaks, Cable de la Embajada de Estados Unidos de América en Riad al Departamento de Estado, 21 de febrero de 2010, Wikileaks.org. [cablesearch.org/cable/view.php?id=10RIYADH213&hl=Saudi+Arabia, consultado el 11 de octubre de 2012.]
Wines, Michael, “China’s Ties with Iran Complicate Diplomacy”, The New York Times, 30 de septiembre de 2009.
Woodard, Kim, The International Energy Relations of China, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1984.
Woods, Lee, “Iran Invites China to Take Part in US $43 billion oil projects”, South China Morning Post, 8 de julio de 2009.
Xu Hui Shen, Simon, Qualitative Energy Diplomacy in Central Asia: A Comparative Analysis of the Policies of the United States, Russia and China, documento de trabajo del Center for northeast Asian Policy Studies, núm. 53, Washington, the Brookings Institution, 2011.
Xu, Wan y Charlie Zhu, “Sinopec undecided on Kuwait role in Zhangjiang Refinery”, Reuters, 16 de octubre de 2012.
Yanbu Aramco Sinopec Refining Company, “Our Operations”, Saudiaramco.com. [www.saudiaramco.com/en/home/our-operations/projects/yasref.html#our-operations, consultado el 4 de noviembre de 2012.]
Yergin, Daniel, “Ensuring Energy Security”, Foreign Affairs, vol. 85, núm. 2, marzo-abril de 2006, pp. 69-82.
Yergin, Daniel, The Prize, Nueva York, Simon and Schuster, 1991.
Yergin, Daniel, The Quest: Energy, Security and the Remaking of the Modern World, Nueva York, Penguin Press, 2012.
Yetiv, Steve A. y Chunglong lu, “China, Global Energy and the Middle East”, Middle East Journal, vol. 61, núm. 2, primavera de 2007, pp. 199-218.
Zhang, Jin, Catch-up and Competitiveness in China: The Case of Large Firms in the Oil Industry, Londres-Nueva York, Routledge Curzon, 2004.
Zhaoxing, Li, “Common Destiny, Shared Objectives and Joint Future”, discurso con motivo del viaje del presidente Hu a Arabia Saudita, Kenia, Marruecos y Nigeria, 30 de abril de 2006. [www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/zyjh/t251696.shtml, consultado el 8 de agosto de 2012.]
Zhu, Zhiqun, China’s New Diplomacy: Rationale, Strategies and Significance, Surrey, Ashgate, 2010.
Zweig, David, “China’s Stalled ‘Fifth Wave’: Zhu Rongji’s Reform Package of 1998-2000”, Asian Survey, vol. 41, núm.2, marzo-abril de 2001, pp. 231-247.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2022 Estudios de Asia y África